Brigid Gregg MD

Pediatric Endocrinology Fellow

The University of Chicago

Chicago, IL

Dr. Gregg is a member of the EndocrineWeb Editorial Board.

EndocrineWeb.com Articles Reviewed by Brigid Gregg MD

Turner Syndrome Overview

Turner syndrome is caused by the complete or partial lack of one of the female sex chromosomes. This results in a range of complications, including stunted growth and development, an increased risk of heart and kidney problems, and infertility.

Growth Hormone for Turner Syndrome

Human growth hormone is a standard part of treatment for Turner syndrome. The primary purpose of growth hormone is to regain height in girls with Turner syndrome. Girls who do not receive growth hormone are typically about 8 inches shorter than they shoul

Fertility Treatments for Turner Syndrome

It's rare for a woman with Turner syndrome (TS) to naturally conceive a child. Fortunately, there are many options available to help a woman with TS have a baby. Adoption and fertility treatments are available to help women with TS.

Estrogen Replacement Therapy for Turner Syndrome

Estrogen replacement therapy is a standard treatment for Turner syndrome. The purpose of estrogen therapy is two-fold—to prompt the body into beginning puberty and to maintain healthy sexual development and functioning throughout adulthood.

Turner Syndrome Diagnosis

Most girls with Turner syndrome are diagnosed shortly after birth or in early childhood. But you can be diagnosed with TS at any age. Whatever the age, the test used to diagnose Turner syndrome is the same, and it is known as a karyotype.

Turner Syndrome Complications

Turner syndrome interferes with proper growth and development, and complications arise because of this. Article describes conditions commonly associated with Turner syndrome, such as heart and kidney defects, hypothyroidism, and ear problems.

The Cause of Turner Syndrome

Turner syndrome is caused by a defect of the second female sex chromosome. Each chromosome contains genes that control your physical and hormonal features. If you have Turner syndrome, certain features will not develop or function as they should.

Turner Syndrome Symptoms

Some of the most common characteristics of Turner syndrome are short height, a webbed nck, and undeveloped sex features. Article includes common signs of Turner syndrome.

Menopause Drugs and Medications

There are many drugs and medications available for menopause. This article focuses on treatments for hot flashes, bone loss, and vaginal dryness. Your doctor will help create a menopause treatment plan for you.

Healthy Lifestyle Habits During Menopause

Healthy habits, such as exercising, eating a balanced diet, and quitting smoking, are effective ways to manage menopause symptoms. Healthy lifestyle choices will not just improve your menopause transition but your overall quality of life.

Alternative and Natural Treatments for Menopause

There are a variety of alternative treatments available that may reduce menopause symptoms. However, alternative medicine has not been scientifically proven, so its true effectiveness is unknown. Article lists alternative therapies for menopause.

Menopause Complications

Your risk for menopause-related complications increases after you reach menopause, during the postmenopause stage. These complications are associated with the loss of estrogen, and they include: heart disease, urinary problems, and weight gain.

Menopause Causes

In most cases, menopause is caused by the natural aging process. Over time, the ovaries gradually produce less estrogen and progesterone. But certain medical procedures, such as a total hysterectomy, and rare ovarian conditions can also trigger it.

Menopause Symptoms

The time before menopause, called perimenopause, is when you’ll experience most of the symptoms associated with menopause. The signs and symptoms of menopause are caused by the ovaries’ erratic changes in estrogen production.

Menopause Overview

Menopause officially occurs a year after a woman's last menstrual period and marks the end of fertility. Regardless how you feel about reaching menopause, understand that it's not a disease. It is a natural process that every woman experiences.

Hypoglycemia Treatment

Your hypoglycemia treatment plan is based on what is causing your blood glucose levels to fall below normal. Your doctor will take into account your symptoms and lifestyle when recommending treatments for hypoglycemia (low blood glucose).

Hypoglycemia Diagnosis

An accurate diagnosis of hypoglycemia includes correlating your symptoms, blood test results, and treatment response. Doctors refer to this three-step approach as Whipple’s Triad.

Hypoglycemia Causes

Hypoglycemia is most often caused by diabetes; low blood glucose is a daily possibility for people with diabetes, both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, there are other causes of low blood sugar not associated with diabetes.

Hypoglycemia Symptoms

The symptoms of hypoglycemia, or low blood glucose, may simultaneously affect different parts of your body. Some symptoms are the same or similar to other disorders, so it may be difficult to tell if your blood glucose level is low.

Hypoglycemia Overview

Hypoglycemia is when your blood glucose level drops too low. It’s most common in people with diabetes, but it is possible to have low blood sugar even when you don’t have diabetes. Intro article to the basics of hypoglycemia.